Vacuum and vacuum heat treatment

The so-called vacuum is a gaseous space with a pressure lower than 101.3kPa (1 atmospheric pressure). The concavity and convexity of the vacuum degree is indicated by the pressure size of the gas space, that is, the higher the vacuum degree, the lower the pressure. 

In operation, the vacuum degree of electric furnace is often divided into three levels: low vacuum, pressure is 1.33x103-13.3pa; medium vacuum, pressure is 13.3-1.33x10-2pa; high vacuum, pressure is 1.33x10-2-1.33x10-4pa. Now, most vacuum heat treatment furnaces use vacuum degree of 133-1.33x10-3pa

The so-called vacuum heat treatment means that all or part of the heat treatment process is carried out in vacuum. In practice, vacuum is regarded as a kind of protective gas with high purity, which can effectively avoid the reaction of oxidation and decarburization at high temperature, improve the surface quality of heat treatment or improve the effect of chemical heat treatment.

Now, vacuum heat treatment has been used in quenching, annealing, tempering, carburizing, nitriding, metallizing and other surface hardening, surface alloying and other processes. In terms of quenching, gas quenching, oil quenching, nitrate quenching and water quenching have been completed.

The primary equipment to obtain vacuum is the vacuum pump. Vacuum pumps commonly used in vacuum heat treatment furnace include rotary vane mechanical vacuum pump, slide valve mechanical vacuum pump, mechanical booster pump, oil booster pump and oil dispersion pump. The first three kinds of pumps are mechanical vacuum pumps, and the latter two are oil vapor vacuum pumps.

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single acting reciprocating vacuum pump principle

Vacuum pump is a kind of widely used vacuum equipment, which can be divided into reciprocating, reverse type and so on. This paper focuses on the principle of reciprocating vacuum pump. 

The working principle diagram of single acting reciprocating vacuum pump: its working process is: when the piston moves to the right, the space volume on the left side of the piston in the cylinder increases, and the gas pressure drops. When the pressure drops to a little less than the pressure in the suction inlet pipe, the gas from the suction inlet opens the inlet valve and enters the cylinder. With the piston moving to the right, the gas continues to enter the cylinder until the piston moves to the end of the right, which is the suction process. In the suction process, because the gas pressure outside the exhaust valve is greater than the pressure in the cylinder, the exhaust valve can not be opened. When the piston begins to move to the left, the intake valve is closed by the hair in the cylinder, so that the gas can not flow back to the suction line. When the piston moves to a certain position, the gas in the cylinder is compressed to a pressure slightly higher than the outlet pressure, the exhaust valve is pushed open, and the gas in the cylinder is discharged until the piston moves to the end of the left side, which is the exhaust process. In this way, the reciprocating motion of the piston can form a vacuum at the suction pipe.

Reciprocating vacuum pump also has a single-stage and multi-stage difference. The vacuum degree of single-stage double acting high-speed vacuum pump can reach 10-20 mmHg (certain pressure). The multi-stage vacuum pump can reach higher vacuum degree.

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Application of water jet pump

It is used in vacuum distillation, concentration, dehydration, decolorization, dryness, crystallization, filtration, degassing, material transportation, tail gas and dust absorption, etc. 

It is used for secondary steam eruption and condensation. In some process, many secondary steam will need to be condensed. At the same time, a small amount of non condensable gas also needs to be discharged to maintain normal production. This kind of water eruption pump is also called water eruption condenser, which takes condensation as the main and exhaust as auxiliary.

It is used in vapor-liquid mass transfer and absorption. The liquid flowing out at high speed meets the ejected gas. The process of gas flow trapped by jet is also the process of vapor-liquid two-phase mixing. Because the gas-liquid two-phase of the water jet pump has a large touch surface, and the high-speed jet has a great speed, which greatly strengthens the speed of the mass communication process in the absorption and mass transfer, and accelerates the chemical reaction or material transfer process. Therefore, the water jet pump has the effect of both the reactor and the pump

In many large chemical plants and chemical fertilizer plants, steam or hot water with certain energy is often discharged to form power waste. Water jet pump is used to eject low-energy fluid with few jars of high-energy fluid, so as to increase the energy of the fluid and then use it in the production process.

The high-energy fluid, which is used in the transfer of fluid power, ejects the low-energy fluid participating in the reaction to replace the power equipment for transporting the fluid.

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Causes of scale formation in vacuum pump

In the papermaking profession, the working medium of vacuum pump (i.e. make-up fluid) is to directly quote tap water or papermaking white water. Because the hardness of tap water is relatively high, the metal ion composition in white water is also relatively disordered. Therefore, the internal fluid components of vacuum pump work in this medium condition, through a long time of physical and chemical process, will form scale. 

After scaling, the pumping rate of vacuum pump will decrease. Figure 1 is the working condition diagram of vacuum pump internal flow passage parts after scaling. Because there is scale between the impeller blades and on the inlet and outlet windows, the volume of the sealing chamber is significantly reduced, and the volume of the inlet and outlet body is naturally reduced. When the scale almost fills the space between the blades or the air intake and exhaust windows are almost full of scale, the intake and exhaust volume is almost zero, and the vacuum pump loses the effect of vacuum pumping.

After scaling, the vacuum pump not only decreases the pumping rate, but also increases the power consumption. Because of the formation of scale, the exhaust window is reduced, and the contraction ratio of the gas in the chamber increases when the window is discharged, and then the power consumption increases, and the power consumption travels about 10%.

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Energy saving vacuum system

According to the calculation, after recognizing the pumping speed of vacuum pump, it is necessary to carefully consider the type of pump. For example, for the oil sealed mechanical pump with pumping speed of 150L / s, the slide valve pump needs 17kw of driving power, while the cycloid pump only uses 13kw. If the latter is selected for long-time operation, it will save much electric energy, and has small volume, light weight, small oscillation and convenient repair. The transmission power of the direct coupled pump is better than that of the V-belt drive.

Also such as oil laxity pump, oil booster pump thermal power is very low, long starting time, will also consume a lot of energy and time, so can choose low transpiration latent heat oil as working fluid. In the heating system of the pump, the heating power is reduced from 30kW to 20kW, and the pumping effect is the same. Then roots vacuum pump starts quickly, especially suitable for the system with frequent starting. If the oil booster pump or fault expansion pump is selected, the system will not stop the pump during the non operation period, wasting energy in vain. It is also a good way to save energy.

In the vacuum system of roots pump, the pressure difference between the outlet and the inlet of roots pump should not be too large, otherwise it will bring too much power consumption. Because the power consumption of this pump is proportional to the pressure difference. Generally, a small roots pump is connected in series to save power consumption.

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lax pump working principle

The structure principle of the lax pump is that the bottom of the pump is a transpiration device, which stores the oil of the lax pump. The upper part is the air inlet, and the right side pipe is the port. During the operation, the front vacuum is supplied by the mechanical pump. When the oil is heated by an electric furnace, the steam of the oil will flow along the 

The flow pipe is ejected downward through the umbrella nozzle. Due to the vacuum (10-2 ~ 10-3 Torr) supplied by mechanical pump outside the nozzle, the oil steam can be ejected for a long interval and hooked into a jet moving towards the mouth. When the jet finally meets the wall of the vessel cooled by cooling water, it will form a liquid rest and flow back to the transpiration device for use from the beginning.

Once the gas molecules enter the pump from the inlet, once they fall into the steam flow, they get the moving maximum of downward movement and fly down. Because the jet has high velocity (about 200 meters per second), high steam density (steam pressure several to dozens of Torr), and the loose pump oil has high molecular weight (350-500), it can effectively remove gas molecules, so in the interface of the jet, gas molecules can not stay for a long time, and its concentration is very small. In other words, there is a large concentration difference between the two ends of the jet interface. It is this concentration difference that causes the power source of the pumped gas to jump over the interface, disperse into the jet and be taken to the outlet. There, they are taken away by mechanical pumps.

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reciprocating vacuum pump of parts

In terms of structure, the cylinder of the compressor is extremely diverse. According to the pressure, gas transmission, type, scheme and use of the tightening machine, cooling method, data for making cylinder, possibility of production and traditional habits of the manufacturer, cylinders can be made in various ways. 

The heating of the cylinder is uneven: the temperature of the pressing out side is higher than that of the suction side. For large diameter cylinder, the sliding support at the pressing out side should be provided with water cooling to avoid skew.

For low and medium pressure below 50 gauge pressure and small-scale cylinder below 80 gauge pressure, cast iron can be used; for pressure below 150 gauge pressure, cast steel is used; for higher pressure, carbon steel is used. For 500 gauge pressure and higher, the cylinder system is forged with alloy steel.

The cast iron cylinder with compact volume, water jacket and channel connecting the valve with the intake and the outlet is a disordered double or three-layer casting.

In order to reduce the loss of aerodynamic force, the passage in the cylinder should be streamlined to reduce the loss of aerodynamic force. Because of the pulsating nature of the air flow in the piston compressor, the loss of this element can reach a large value.

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Vacuum gauge commonly used in semiconductor operation

The common vacuum gauges in semiconductor industry include resistance vacuum gauge (Pirani vacuum gauge), thermocouple vacuum gauge, capacitance vacuum gauge, electric ion vacuum gauge, cold cathode ionization vacuum gauge and full range vacuum gauge. The cold cathode ionization vacuum gauge can be divided into penning gauge, magnetron gauge and anti magnetron gauge. 

Full range vacuum gauge is a combination of low vacuum gauge and high vacuum gauge; resistance vacuum gauge has wide measuring range and is commonly used; thermoelectric vacuum gauge has narrow vacuum measuring range and simple structure, which is not easy to be damaged; the measurement value of capacitance vacuum gauge is not affected by gas variety; ionization vacuum gauge belongs to high vacuum gauge and will generate heat; cold cathode ionization vacuum gauge belongs to high vacuum gauge, which is not hot and easy to repair; Full range vacuum gauge active range switching, easy to use. 

Most of today's vacuum gauge probes and signal processing circuits work together, which enables anti-interference ability and promotes its miniaturization. Most probes use metal material instead of glass material, which is more robust and delicate. The vacuum gauge display controller also requires miniaturization. Some of them have a volume of 105mmx110mmx250mm and a mass of 1.3KG, with three connectors. Each connector can be connected with a resistance vacuum gauge or a cold cathode ionization vacuum gauge. This intelligent vacuum meter controller is easy to carry and use.

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reciprocating vacuum pump principle application

 

Reciprocating vacuum pump is the use of piston back and forth movement, the energy is transmitted to the liquid. To end the mission of liquid delivery. The flow rate of reciprocating pump is only related to the displacement of piston and the condition of pipeline, but the lift of reciprocating pump is only related to the condition of pipeline.

The reciprocating pump used in practical production has different structural methods because of different liquid properties or different application targets. When used to transport flammable and explosive liquids, the reciprocating pump driven by steam is often used for safety.

In order to prevent piston from being damaged, a barrier pump is used to separate the piston from the main body by using an elastic film. This elastic film is made of rubbers or special metals with good abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance. All parts on the right side of the barrier are made of or lined with anti-corrosion materials; the left side of the barrier is filled with water or oil. When the piston moves back and forth, the gap is forced to turn to both sides alternately, resulting in the corrosive liquid or suspension being sucked and pressed out in turn on the right side of the barrier. Not with the piston. This kind of pump requires huge skill. It is easy to damage and difficult to repair.

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Development trend of vacuum pump

With the continuous increase of environmental protection, some enterprises or manufacturers of water ring vacuum pump were forced to stop using this type of vacuum pump due to many sewage discharge. It is necessary to choose oil-free vacuum pump or closed circulation system and large-scale oil-free vacuum unit instead, such as vertical oil-free reciprocating pump and oil-free rotary vane pump, oil-free vertical vacuum pump and oil-free vacuum pump with vacuum High degree, fast pumping speed, no pollution benefits. Because there is no sewage discharge, so the oil-free vertical vacuum pump is especially suitable for chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries, especially in clean high vacuum or gas recovery environment. 

The application scale of oil-free vacuum pump is more extensive, which is used in the absorption and transportation of various goods, and the material supply equipment of active machinery. The planning of closed cycle system is to recycle the discharged polluted liquid, which greatly reduces the damage to the environment; the second is to recover the usable medium and reduce the cost of production.

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Measurement of pumping rate of Roots vacuum pump

The constant pressure method is used to measure the pumping rate of Roots vacuum pump. The inlet of the pump is directly connected with the experimental cover, and the outlet of the pump is connected with the front oil seal mechanical pump. A vacuum gauge is set at the inlet and outlet to measure the pressure. The flowmeter is connected with the experimental cover through the regulating needle valve. After starting the vacuum pump and reaching the stable working condition, the measurement can be carried out. The pumping rate should be measured from the appropriate value close to the limit vacuum until the allowable inlet pressure of the pump is nearly stopped. At least four points in each order of magnitude should be measured, and their dispersion should be in accordance with the ratio of 1,2,5,7, such as 1xl0-2, 2x10-2, In the measurement process, after adjusting the needle valve to a certain pressure, the pressure data can be recorded after at least 3min after the pressure reading on the vacuum gauge is stable. If the pressure is changed, the uniform value of pressure in the measurement process should be selected. 

The structural dimensions of the test cover are specified in the Ministry of standards (jb1875-73), and its structure is shown in Figure 7-2. The inner diameter D of the test cover should be equal to the inlet diameter of the pump.

In the equipment for measuring the pumping rate, the vacuum gauge used should be seat type compact vacuum gauge and oil U-type vacuum gauge, and calibrated by the compact vacuum gauge with an accuracy of more than 10%. The air intake plane of the vacuum gauge should be parallel to the air flow direction. It is necessary to have the second-order accuracy in the measurement scale for the flowmeter used in the flow measurement.

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Structure of gas water separator for vacuum pump

The water containing gas discharged from the vacuum pump directly enters the gas water separator along the tangent direction of the cylinder, which accelerates the wear of the inlet and inner wall of the gas water separator, reduces the service life of the gas water separator and increases the repair strength. 

In order to deal with this problem, the cylinder material of the gas water separator is changed from the original A3 steel to the glass fiber reinforced plastic material with excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and the pipe spacing between the vacuum pump outlet and the air inlet of the gas water separator is extended to 3.9 m, and the pipe diameter is increased to 325 mm, and the wall thickness is 10 mm seamless steel pipe It reduces the indoor noise and improves the working environment.

On the other hand, it can play a good buffer effect and reduce the scouring force of the air flow into the cylinder. Secondly, the tangential inlet of the separator is changed into radial inlet, and a conical baffle is added at the end face of the radial inlet, which can not only reduce the wear of the inner wall of the cylinder caused by the radial inlet, but also play a buffer effect again. After all, the return water pipe at the bottom of the air separator is connected to the concrete trench, so that the backwater enters the circulating water system and is reused.

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Principle of Roots vacuum pump with direct exhaust

Roots pump uses the internal cooling method, the heat is directly taken away from the heat source by the circulating cooling air, that is, the extracted gas is cooled by the cooling air when it is compressed or discharged, so this kind of pump can be used to regulate the place where the pump can not operate. 

The pump cavity can be cooled by itself, because there is a special part of the impeller and working chamber. When this special part works, a part of the working chamber is closed, blocking the inlet and outlet. Through the special vent, the cooling gas flows out from the pressure side or enters the operation cavity again, and then fills with the cooling gas with pressure from the outlet side, and the gas circulates in this way.

The air circulation cooling roots pump is controlled by a special impeller head without additional control elements. Therefore, this kind of internal circulation cooling roots pump is the same as ordinary roots pump, with simple and clean structure. It connects the cooler and the exhaust port together, and the cooler is installed outside the pump shell, which is convenient for repair, maintenance and replacement.

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Reciprocating pump in chemical plant

Vacuum pump is used to pump air from the equipment or production system to make the equipment or production system work under vacuum. The main function parameters of vacuum pump are: pumping rate, limit vacuum degree, shaft power and speed, etc. The pumping rate of vacuum pump refers to the volume of gas that can be pumped out in unit time (m3 / h). The limit vacuum degree refers to the vacuum degree that the pump can reach. 

The vacuum pumps commonly used in chemical production are: reciprocating vacuum pump, water ring vacuum pump and eruption pump.

Vacuum pump is characterized by a large pressure ratio. For example, in order to reach 95% vacuum, the nominal pressure of suction is 0.005MPa, while the exhaust pressure is 0.1MPa, and the pressure ratio is 20. Because of the large pressure ratio, the gas in the residual clearance volume will occupy a large volume after expansion, which greatly reduces the suction volume and the useful utilization rate of the cylinder is very low.

In order to deal with the above problems, several grooves are generally opened on the cylinder wall at both ends of the cylinder, which are longer than the thickness of the piston. When the piston works to the dead center position, it is used to balance the pressure of the cylinders on both sides of the piston. For example, when the piston works to the left dead center, the exhaust of the left cylinder is finished, and the residual gas with high pressure in the clearance volume is left, and the suction in the right cylinder is finished, and the pressure is low. Because of the connection effect of the groove, the gas pressure in the clearance volume of the left cylinder decreases. In this way, when the piston returns to work, the volume occupied by the expansion of residual gas is greatly reduced, and the suction volume is increased. The same is true of the piston working to the right dead center.

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Selection of vacuum system

Under its working pressure, the vacuum pump should be able to discharge all the gas in the process of vacuum equipment process, and recognize the vacuum volume of the system. Check the time required to acknowledge the required vacuum, the flow resistance and leakage of the vacuum pipe. Considering the requirement of vacuum degree, adhere to the pumping rate of vacuum demand under certain process requirements after reaching the required vacuum degree; correctly combine the vacuum pump and recognize the appropriate stage ratio between the main pump and the previous stage pump; when planning the vacuum pipeline, the short and thick pipeline should be selected as far as possible, and the general pipe diameter should not be less than the inlet of the true empty pump. 

In the planning of the vacuum system, the sealing performance of the system should be carried out to reduce the leakage rate of the system. Appropriate sealing data should be selected. The practical pumping volume flow of liquid ring vacuum pump is related to the working liquid. The higher the working fluid is, the higher the steam partial pressure is

The worse the condensing effect of the steam at the inlet of the pump is, the smaller the volume flow of the vacuum pump is. It is suggested to select the working fluid with low full vapor pressure. The temperature of the working fluid should be controlled together. As for the gas with high freezing point, such as glycerol, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethyltrisiloxane, etc., should be removed. In order to avoid these gases from entering roots pump and agglomerate and accumulate, it is necessary to move the temperature of roots pump, such as heating nitrogen; In the vacuum system planning, new skills should be selected to achieve active control and interlock protection.

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Knowledge of vacuum pump shell material

There are many kinds of vacuum pump materials, such as metal alloy, ceramic, rubber plastic, glass quartz, carbon fiber and so on. And the vacuum pump shell material is mainly two categories: metal and glass. 

As the material of vacuum shell, metal mainly includes iron, copper and aluminum based metals and various alloys, such as low carbon steel, stainless steel, oxygen free copper, red copper, aluminum and steel or iron materials coated with aluminum, copper and nickel. They have good mechanical strength and machinability. Various metal materials have different performance and outgassing rate according to different vacuum application characteristics. The physical and mechanical properties of various metal alloys can be inquired.

Glass is mainly used in some glass vacuum system (such as glass diffusion pump, valve), observation window and some regulatory shell, high-voltage electrode insulator, etc. it has the advantages of transparency, low price, easy processing and insulation, but the disadvantage is low strength and fragile. According to the different softening temperature and expansion coefficient, there are soft glass, hard glass and quartz glass with different properties.

Whether it is metal or glass, the shell material of vacuum pump needs to have: certain mechanical strength and stiffness, which can ensure that it can withstand atmospheric pressure at normal temperature and baking temperature without deformation; good air tightness, without defects such as porous structure, cracks and other leakage; low gas outlet rate and penetration rate; low saturated vapor pressure under working temperature and baking temperature It has good chemical stability, is not easy to oxidize and corrode, and will not react with the working medium in the system; it has good temperature stability and can maintain its vacuum performance and mechanical property within a certain temperature range; it is easy to process, has good welding performance and good economy.

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Test of vacuum pump

Any pump to be repaired, repaired or a new pump shall be tested for any fault, the form and position of the fault, the ultimate vacuum degree and the time that can be reached, and the pumping rate shall be identified if conditions permit. 

1. Clean all parts of the pump to remove oil and dirt. Take off the belt and use the reverse switch to test the positive and reverse rotation of the motor, so that its direction of rotation is consistent with the direction of the arrow marked on the pump wheel. If there is no mark on the pump wheel, press the air inlet of the pump with the palm of your hand and turn the pulley with the other hand. When you feel the inward suction, the rotation direction of the pulley is the correct direction, and mark it. Then install the belt and connect the test device at the air inlet of the pump before starting the pump. Usually, one end of the vacuum rubber tube is inserted into a thermocouple tube, and the other end is inserted into the air inlet of the pump to be tested. Before that, a little castor oil should be applied on the rubber pipe mouth to make it lubricated and easy to insert and remove. The rubber pipe is clamped with iron clip (if metal pipe is connected, it is connected to the pump port with flange plate, and the other end is sealed with metal glass to connect to the gauge pipe or gauge pipe joint, and there is a vent valve in the middle of the pipe). First turn the pulley by hand for several turns. If there is no big obstacle, the motor can be started intermittently. Make the pump run normally.

2. Check the operation of the pump: listen to the pump sound for noise and abnormal sound; see how the valve plate of the air port is beating; whether the oil reaches the center of the oil standard; whether there is oil leakage, air leakage and water leakage; check whether the surface of the pump cavity is deformed, and make records one by one.

3. Use high frequency spark leak detector and thermocouple vacuum gauge to check the change of vacuum degree. When the spark hits the neck of the gauge (not on the gauge), the vacuum can be judged by the glow color; normally, after the pump is turned on, the glow color will gradually change from dark purple and rose red to light blue, until the glow is very small, and only the fluorescence of glass can be seen. At this time, the vacuum degree is high. After the glow turns to light blue, a thermocouple vacuum gauge can be used to monitor the vacuum. At the beginning, it can also be measured by thermocouple vacuum gauge alone. But do not do both at the same time to avoid damaging the thermocouple gauge. If the spark detector moves back and forth on the glass tube during the inspection, no glow can be produced, and the spark can drill into the glass tube into a linear shape, indicating that the vacuum degree is very low (close to atmospheric pressure). If it is always purple, the vacuum degree of the pump is not high, should carefully check the various parts of the pump, to see whether there is leakage of rubber pipe joints and other places. If the thermocouple tube has certain indication when measuring the vacuum degree, it can clamp on the iron clamp or stop the pump suddenly for a short time to record the pressure change curve with time to judge whether it is caused by poor pump or air leakage. It is necessary to distinguish the different situations of leakage, deflation and pump damage, and make a careful judgment.

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Knowledge of oil free vacuum pump

Oil free vacuum pump is a kind of mechanical vacuum pump which can run without any oil lubrication. The oil-free vacuum pump can only be used with the cooperation of the front stage pump. It has a large pumping speed in a wide pressure range and is not sensitive to dust and water vapor in the extracted gas. It is widely used in metallurgy, chemical industry, food, electronic coating and other industries. 

The advantages and disadvantages of oil-free vacuum pump have the advantages of simple structure, easy operation, convenient maintenance and no environmental pollution. The oil-free vacuum pump has good durability. It is a vacuum pump, compression and dual-purpose vacuum pump. It is a basic equipment with a wide range of applications to obtain vacuum.

Compared with oil pump, oil-free vacuum pump has low vacuum degree and small pumping capacity, but it is small in size, easy to install, easy to maintain, convenient to move, no oil fume and no pollution to the environment, especially in the laboratory with high requirements. It is also one of the most common equipment in the laboratory.

Therefore, when purchasing the oil-free vacuum pump, the vacuum degree required to work must be determined first. If the demand is high, the vacuum pump selected should be higher than the required vacuum degree. Otherwise, the vacuum pump can not meet the requirements of vacuum pumping, and the working requirements will not be met. Secondly, the pumping rate of oil-free vacuum pump should be slightly greater than the required pumping rate, so as to better meet the needs. Finally, see whether the extracted gas is corrosive. Corrosive gas will corrode the pump, so special materials must be used to meet the demand.

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Characteristics of large vacuum pump and micro vacuum pump

With the rapid development of China's economy, the demand for vacuum pump in industry and other fields is growing. In the face of fierce competition in the vacuum pump market, how should users choose their products? What is the difference between large vacuum pump and micro vacuum pump. 

The characteristics of large vacuum pump: high power, high limit vacuum, but high price, large volume, large weight, high noise, high energy consumption, need regular maintenance, not easy to move, etc. Some must use vacuum pump oil or lubricating oil, which will produce oil mist in work, but it will be wasted in low vacuum situation. For example, in the laboratory, only a small amount of gas needs to be sampled, analyzed, circulated, vacuum adsorbed, gas transferred, pressurized, indirectly absorbed water and drained by pump, many disadvantages of large vacuum pump have been exposed. So how to reduce these shortcomings is a very difficult job for professional staff, but it is still worth our expectation.

Micro vacuum pump features: small size, low noise, low power consumption, easy to operate, easy to carry, maintenance free, 24-hour continuous operation, also allows the medium rich in water vapor. The most important thing is that it is dry and oil-free and does not need vacuum pump oil or lubricating oil, so it will not pollute the working medium and interfere with the analysis of medium. And the price is much cheaper.

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Countermeasures for high temperature of vacuum pump

The motor power and speed are matched with the imported vacuum pump and cannot be changed. The fan is installed on the main shaft of the motor. The speed of the motor determines the speed of the fan and cannot be replaced. Although increasing the number of fan blades can play a certain role, but the dynamic balance is not easy to find after the number of blades is increased. If the alignment is not good, the motor vibration will increase. 

(1) The fan cover of the original vacuum pump was lengthened by 40cm, and an axial fan with the same diameter as the fan cover was installed inside. The motor power of the axial fan was 850W, the speed was 1489r / min, and the voltage was 380V. The original fan remains. The axial flow fan is equipped with another power supply control, and the axial flow fan is not interlocked with the main motor. Start the axial flow fan in time after starting the imported vacuum pump, and stop the axial flow fan 30 minutes after the vacuum pump stops, so as to make the main motor fully cooled.

(2) Regularly remove the dust on the vacuum pump motor, keep the motor heat sink clean and increase its heat dissipation capacity.

(3) Adjust the bus voltage of the imported vacuum pump to 400V.

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Double stage slide valve vacuum pump with high pumping speed

For a long time, there are many difficulties and challenges in the development of double stage slide valve vacuum pump in our country. The production of 2H-150 and other products took more than 20 years after the standard was formulated. In fact, the design and manufacture of double stage slide valve vacuum pump with large pumping speed will encounter a series of problems, such as dynamic balance, control of two-stage oil supply, noise reduction and so on. However, the double stage slide valve vacuum pump with high pumping speed has a wide application prospect 

Due to the structural characteristics, the capacity of the slide valve pump is much larger than that of the rotary vane pump. Because the slide valve vacuum pump can work in poor vacuum environment for a long time, it is often used in large vacuum equipment. The limit pressure of single-stage pump is between 0.6 PA and 1.3 PA (gas shut-off) and that of double-stage pump is 0.06 PA.

Pumping speed ≥ 150L / s can be regarded as a large-scale slide valve pump. For a long time, there are only 70L / s two-stage slide valve pump in China. However, if there is a double-stage slide valve vacuum pump with high pumping speed, it is particularly beneficial to simplify the unit structure of vacuum equipment, reduce power consumption, achieve energy-saving effect, simplify operation and improve control reliability.

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Unreasonable factors of process medium injection point of vacuum pump

In front of the first flange of the vacuum pump, the temperature of the gas inhaled is 238 ℃. The distance between the first flange and the rotor of the machine is not more than 400mm, and the gas flow rate is very fast and the time is very short. To reduce the process gas from 238 ℃ to 4.8 ℃, to meet the requirements of vacuum pump inlet temperature, the process design is to add a 1-inch pipe nozzle to the pump inlet flange, and inject ethylbenzene to achieve the cooling purpose. 

The injection amount of ethylbenzene is regulated by the control valve on the pipeline. There are two problems: one is the unreasonable design of the injection point, which results in short cooling time and difficult to guarantee the suction temperature of the pump; the other is that once the control valve fails, the working temperature of the equipment will rise comprehensively, resulting in the pump failure.

In addition, before the vacuum pump is damaged, the contact wear between the rotor and the rotor and between the rotor and the shell has experienced a long time. During this period, abnormal temperature, abnormal sound and increased vibration occur. If the inspection personnel pay attention to it, the accident can also be avoided.

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industrial vacuum pumps,vacuum furnaces

Influence of cooling system temperature on the performance of vacuum pump unit

 In summer, the temperature of closed water can reach 35 ℃. Therefore, it is difficult to guarantee the supercooling degree of 4.2 ℃ in the actual operation of vacuum pump. As the sealing water temperature approaches to saturation, its pumping capacity also decreases, until saturated vaporization and loss of working capacity. 

The working pressure of the vacuum pump and the pressure of the condenser is a dynamic balance process. No matter how high or low the circulating water temperature is, the suction pressure of the vacuum pump must be lower than that of the condenser in order to pump the non condensable gas from the condenser. Therefore, the sealing water temperature of vacuum pump must be lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the exhaust pressure.

The situation of vacuum drop is that the sealing water in the vacuum pump is vaporized because the water in the gas water separator is not changed in time. A few days later, the test was carried out on vacuum pump a of No.2 unit. After adding 16 ℃ cold water into pump a, the temperature of separator was 16.2 ℃. After starting pump a, the temperature rose to 24.5 ℃. With the increase of temperature, the vacuum decreased. When the water temperature was 30 ℃, the vacuum increased about 1kPa and the current of vacuum pump increased about 0.85a. When the working water temperature drops by 1 ℃, the vacuum increases by about 0.19kpa. It can be seen from the test that it is an important means to ensure the vacuum of the vacuum unit to ensure the lower temperature of the sealing water of the vacuum pump in summer.

CL Sereis Cone Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

Roots Blowers

Roots Vacuum Pump 

Maintenance of fixed plate mechanical vacuum pump

The structure of fixed plate mechanical vacuum pump is all combined, similar to small five pieces. The exhaust valve is of the bullet type. If it is used for a long time, the bullet will also fly off, resulting in the failure of no air extraction; some pumps have manufacturing problems, the vent hole is too oblique, the bullet can not return to its original position after being lifted by the air flow, and the valve port can not be blocked, so the vacuum degree is not high. When repairing, the air outlet can be reamed into the inlay sleeve to correct the air outlet, so as to overcome the above problems. 

After several years of service, the vacuum degree of the fixed plate vacuum pump becomes worse due to wear and tear. At this time, the pieces can be disassembled and grinded against each other. After being cleaned, they can be assembled. At this time, if the tolerance between the rotor and the end face is too small, some end faces can be ground and installed again. The stator is tightened by the spring to keep it close to the rotor forever to prevent the reverse "breakthrough" of gas. Therefore, the spring has a large expansion frequency and is easy to break. If one of the two springs is broken, the pulsating sound of the exhaust valve is paroxysmal, and the fuel tank cap can be disassembled for inspection.

In winter, the viscosity of the oil sometimes becomes very large, after stopping the pump, the air is not put into the pump cavity in time, causing the oil to fill the pump cavity. When the pump is started suddenly, the oil in the cavity is difficult to be squeezed out at once. The stator is often squeezed out of the stator groove or the rotor is broken (or even the rotor is cracked), so it is impossible to pump air. When repairing, only the fixed piece is out of the way. The end of the fixed piece can be gently knocked with a wooden strip to make it return to its original position, and the belt pulley is turned on manually. After the pump oil in the cavity is discharged, the pump can be started for air extraction. If the rotor is damaged, it should be replaced with a new one. Therefore, the fixed vane pump start and normal use must comply with certain regulations, should also stipulate the oil change system on schedule.

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Pump valve industry market

 

Driven by industrialization, urbanization, reform and globalization, the prospect of China's pump and valve equipment manufacturing industry is still broad. In the future, high-end, localization and modernization of pump and valve industry will be the main development direction of pump and valve industry in the future. The pursuit of continuous innovation, to create a new market for valve enterprises, so that enterprises in the increasingly fierce competition in the pump valve industry tide to survive and seek development.

With the continuous development of pump valve technology and the continuous expansion of pump valve application field, the corresponding pump valve standard is more and more indispensable. The products of pump and valve industry have entered a period of innovation. Not only the product categories need to be updated, but also the internal management of enterprises needs to deepen the reform according to the industry standards.

Therefore, it is necessary to make full use of the existing standards, look forward to the future, and develop new standards and systems that can be applied in the future, so as to promote the development of pump valve technology at a higher level. In the future, the industry of pump and valve will develop in two main directions: one is to develop from single product to multi variety and multi specification; the other is to develop in the direction of energy saving.

Water Ring Vacuum Pump

Dry Scroll Vacuum Pump

industrial vacuum pumps,vacuum furnaces

Reducing noise of slide valve vacuum pump

The noise of slide valve vacuum pump is mainly produced by impact. Whether it is the impact of pump oil or mechanical impact, the noise generated is related to the pump speed. With the development trend of pump speed to high speed, this problem is more prominent. 

Compared with steel tank, the noise of cast iron tank can be reduced by (2 ~ 3) dB (a). The main reason is that the structure of cast iron is a little looser than that of steel plate, so it has a certain sound absorption effect. Moreover, the cast iron oil tank is thicker than the steel tank, and the sound insulation effect is better. If a layer of film is sprayed on the inner wall of the oil tank, the effect will be better. The structural shape of the inner surface of the oil tank should be designed to be asymmetric to avoid resonance sound.

The exhaust valve cover is connected with the oil-gas separator, which has the function of sound insulation and noise elimination. If the exhaust valve cover is removed, the pump noise will be much higher. If the oil-gas separator is properly designed, it will also have a certain noise reduction effect. For example, the "secondary cyclone oil-gas separator" designed by us has two collisions through the oil-gas separator in the transmission process, resulting in a certain loss of sound energy, which is conducive to noise elimination.

CL Sereis Cone Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

Roots Blowers

Roots Vacuum Pump 

The function of gas ballast valve in rotary vane vacuum pump

The gas ballast valve is set in rotary vane vacuum pump to remove condensable gas. Usually, the pumped gas is a mixture of permanent gas and condensable gas. In the process of compression and exhaust, when the partial pressure of condensable gas exceeds the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the pump temperature, the condensable gas will condense and mix in the pump oil, circulate with the pump oil, and evaporate again into steam when returning to the high vacuum side. This will affect the pumping performance of the pump and aggravate the pollution degree of the pump oil. The method of gas stabilization or aeration can effectively prevent the condensation of condensable gas, that is, the controlled permanent gas (usually dry air at room temperature) is mixed into the compressed gas through the gas ballast hole in the compression process, so that the partial pressure of the condensable gas does not reach the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the pump temperature, the pressure of the compressed gas has reached the exhaust pressure, the exhaust valve is opened, and the condensable gas The body is discharged with the permanent gas. Oil sealed mechanical vacuum pump is generally equipped with air ballast device, so it is also called air ballast pump. The air ballast valve (aerator) consists of throttle valve and check valve. 

The throttle valve controls the volume of air mixing, and the check valve prevents backflow when the gas pressure in the pump chamber is higher than the aerated pressure. There are generally two kinds of setting of air ballast hole: one is near the pump exhaust port, when the compression chamber and the exhaust port are connected, start to aerate; the other is set on the end cover, when the end of suction, when the rotor turns another angle (100 ~ 150), it will expose the air ballast hole and start to aerate. In the process of aeration, the limit pressure of the pump will rise and the pumping rate will decrease. When the pressure is low, the noise caused by the pump oil impacting the exhaust valve can be reduced by properly opening the air ballast valve and mixing a small amount of gas.

The pump can be pumped out at high speed (90 ℃). In order to prevent oil injection and oil return, improve the lubrication conditions of the pump and expand the application range of the pump, the vane pump is also equipped with various accessories, such as oil mist catcher, molecular filter, dust filter, chemical filter, oil filter, etc. With the progress of technology and the improvement of process requirements, the structure of vane pump is becoming more perfect and its performance is constantly improved.


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vacuum system in vacuum transportation industry application

Vacuum transportation, absorption and lifting equipment are all applied to work by the force generated by the pressure difference between vacuum and atmosphere. Due to the fact that the pressure of this kind of mechanical energy is equal everywhere, it can be applied to any shape plane absolutely. 

At present, most of these vacuum equipment are used for sucking fish, grain, flour, coal powder, tobacco, cement, mud, pulp, powdery mineral powder chemical products, cement floor, prefabricated board, airport and highway cement running, workshop lifting, machine tool fixture, glass loading, milk sucking and dust suction. In the consumption operations, such as sputum suction, pleural effusion, pus, intestinal absorption and radiation dust produced by atomic bomb explosion. These equipments have the characteristics of simple structure, easy operation and maintenance, no vibration during transportation, lifting and absorption, high consumption efficiency, safe and reliable transportation of easily damaged objects, and no pollution to the environment. Therefore, it has a wide range of applications and prospects.

Vacuum profile is also an important aspect of the application of differential pressure. In recent years, it has been widely used in plane military maps, books for the blind, digital models, advanced ceramics, concrete preforms, refrigerator and washing machine panels, toys, replica relief and cultural relics, the formation of micro rotating pillars in TWT and BWT, analysis chamber in mass spectrometer and waveguide manufacturing of microwave system This technology.

Water Ring Vacuum Pump

Dry Scroll Vacuum Pump

industrial vacuum pumps,vacuum furnaces 

Mixing principle of vacuum pump oil

According to the understanding of the vacuum pump factory: at present, the vacuum pump oil is not supplied in time in the market or there is a lack of suitable varieties in the market. Sometimes, there are problems of mixed use of vacuum pump oil in the process of using, including domestic oil and foreign oil, different types of oil in domestic oil, different manufacturers or different brands of the same kind of oil, mixing of new oil with "old" oil in use, etc. 

At present, many users have a lot of randomness in choosing alternative oil or mixed use of vacuum pump oil. However, it should be noted that different types of vacuum pump oil have different physical and chemical properties. Its chemical composition, viscosity, acid value and various additives (anti-wear agent, preservative, antioxidant, rust inhibitor) and other main components and indicators directly affect the operation of the machine. Zhaoqing vacuum pump factory is located here The improper use of the pump will not only remind the user of the use of oil, but also change the service life of the pump. Therefore, the following principles should be observed when using the mixed oil.

CL Sereis Cone Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

Roots Blowers

Roots Vacuum Pump

Influence of position and size of inlet and outlet of vane vacuum pump on noise

 According to the experiment, the closer the exhaust port is to the upper tangent point, the lower the noise is. But too close, the performance of rotary vane vacuum pump is affected. 

In production, it is found that the exhaust port is small and the noise is small, otherwise it is also large, which indicates that the size of the exhaust port has a great influence on the noise. Nanguang machine factory has unique research in this field.

They noticed that the 2x side eccentric pump has high pressure and large amount of gas when starting at atmospheric pressure. The high and low vacuum chambers are used to exhaust at the same time, and most of the gas is discharged from the exhaust valve of the high vacuum chamber. Because the size of the exhaust port of the high vacuum chamber has no effect on the noise, and can reduce the exhaust pressure, the maximum compression work and the starting power, the area of the exhaust port of the high vacuum chamber should be larger. In normal operation, the exhaust valve of high vacuum chamber is closed, and the main factor affecting noise is exhaust valve of low vacuum chamber. Therefore, the exhaust port area of the low vacuum chamber should be smaller to reduce the noise, but if the exhaust port is too small, the exhaust pressure will increase and the power consumption will increase. Therefore, the size and location of the exhaust port are selected. Although these should be considered in the design and manufacture, the maintenance personnel should also pay attention to it, so as to improve the noisy pump in maintenance.

The principle of considering the position of air inlet in design is: the suction volume should be the largest, the volume utilization coefficient should be the largest, the air resistance should be small, etc.

When repairing the pump, pay attention to whether the air inlet filter screen is blocked and whether foreign matters such as metal and glass debris fall from the air inlet, otherwise the pump chamber will be damaged.

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Cavitation damage principle of centrifugal pump

 The cavitation damage principle of liquid ring pump is the same as that of centrifugal pump. Both of them are located at the place where the steam bubble breaks out and breaks. The metal surface presents cavitation phenomenon, and severe honeycomb damage will appear. If the impeller of vacuum pump has large residual stress in cavitation part, it will cause stress release and crack. 

Because the pump cavitation, bubbles in the high-pressure area, sudden break, and with the fierce water hammer, surface attack noise and oscillation. You can hear a crackling sound like a popping bean. The measured results show that the oscillation frequency range of cavitation is 600 ~ 25000hz and the pressure is 49MPa

If the above bubbles crack on the metal surface, the metal surface will be subjected to continuous intense water hammer, showing pockmarks, and the metal grains loose and fall off into honeycomb shape, and even perforation. In addition to chemical and mechanical damage. The actual damage indicates that the cavitation damage part of the flow passage parts of the pump is the place where the bubbles disappear.

The long-term operation of liquid ring vacuum pump in cavitation state will result in the noise and oscillation of the pump, and even damage the pump. Therefore, the operation of liquid ring vacuum pump in cavitation state should be avoided as far as possible. The following methods can be adopted: under the premise that the operating point of liquid ring vacuum pump is fixed, the effect of cavitation can be avoided by lowering the temperature of working fluid.

Water Ring Vacuum Pump

Dry Scroll Vacuum Pump

industrial vacuum pumps,vacuum furnaces

Install the mechanical pump body

Install the static ring part of the mechanical seal onto the mechanical seal flange, install the positioning screw, put the O-ring into the groove of the mechanical seal flange, and then connect it to the pump body with bolts. When installing the static ring part of the mechanical seal, wet it with water and press it into the mechanical seal flange evenly by hand. Pay attention not to use too much force! After installation, check whether the mechanical seal flange and pump body are installed tightly.

Connect and fasten the pump body to the bracket with bolts. Pay attention not to damage the static ring part of the mechanical seal. It is very important to completely clean it. It is necessary to prevent the damage to the lubrication surface and elastic seal of the mechanical seal. The external surface of the elastic seal should be lubricated without damage.

When installing the moving ring part of the mechanical seal, the sleeve can be used to press it to the appropriate position on the shaft (the tension spring is compressed by about 4mm), and then the set screw is tightened. The lubricating oil is evenly applied on the shaft, and the impeller is pressed onto the shaft. The front end face of the impeller and the pump body should be kept with a clearance of 0.30 ± 0.05mm. If the gap is too small, it may form a mechanical fault: if the gap is too large, it will cause a decrease in the pumping rate of the vacuum pump.

Put in the adjusting washer, fasten the impeller pressing plate to the impeller with screws, place the motor end of the bracket down on the ground, and place the prepared diaphragm on the pump body to ensure that the small hole with the diameter of 4.3mm close to the diaphragm pump body is accurately combined with the positioning pin. Put the O-ring on the diaphragm without distortion, and then push it to the bottom of the diaphragm to make the O-ring touch the pump body.

CL Sereis Cone Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

Roots Blowers

Roots Vacuum Pump 

Screw vacuum pump failure

Screw vacuum pump, in the era of rapid development of vacuum, is widely used, especially in chemical, pharmaceutical, semiconductor and other enterprises. 

The influence of screw vacuum pump air compressor oil consumption meeting on the enterprise: too little screw air compressor oil will increase the wear of air compressor accessories, increase the maintenance cost of air compressor, too much screw air compressor oil, oil will overflow, at the same time, the compressed air oil content will increase, screw vacuum pump air compressor oil consumption is too much, generally the air compressor failure.

There is too much oil in the valve chamber, which may be due to the wear of valve guide, piston ring and cylinder sleeve, and the damage of sealing ring of turbocharger, which will lead to excessive oil consumption of air compressor and oil leakage of air compressor; oil leakage fault of air compressor is generally the main reason for excessive oil consumption of air compressor. Maintenance personnel of air compressor need to find out the oil leakage place as soon as possible and carry out maintenance as required.

It should be emphasized that oil leakage from the air compressor will lead to oil in the machine and other places. In order to reduce pollution, special cleaning agent should be used to clean the air compressor during maintenance, and there is too much oil in the engine. The maintenance personnel of air compressor should eliminate the surplus oil, find out the source of these oil, and use appropriate oil in the engine, and do not add too much oil leakage.


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Roots water ring vacuum unit as vacuum precooler

Roots water ring vacuum unit is composed of Roots vacuum pump and water ring vacuum pump. The vacuum degree that a single water ring pump can reach is 3300pa. If you want to reach higher vacuum degree requirements, it is necessary to equip roots pump so that it can pump at a higher speed. Roots water ring vacuum unit as a vacuum precooler in the use of time demand of vacuum degree and pumping speed requirements are relatively high, so in the selection of time must be based on the actual situation of the ratio. 

In a cubic reactor, 1 / 3 of cooked meat is required to be placed in the reactor, and the temperature of cooked meat is about 90 ℃. The temperature of cooked meat should be reduced to about 20 ℃ by vacuumizing. The required time is less than or equal to 30 minutes. The transpiration of steam is 20kg every 30 minutes under the condition of vacuum negative pressure.

In the selection of such vacuum units, the need to pay attention to the amount of gas in the reaction, the vacuum requirements for cooling and other factors, so as to correctly select roots water ring vacuum unit and then reach the intention of vacuum precooling.

Water Ring Vacuum Pump

Dry Scroll Vacuum Pump

industrial vacuum pumps,vacuum furnaces

Waste oil treatment in vacuum system

The process of recovering MgO · Cao by Si under the condition of high temperature and high vacuum is carried out by silicothermic method. In vacuum engineering, the front stage pump is h-slide valve pump, and the slide valve pump is oil pump. Generally, kk-1 vacuum pump oil is selected. In the recovery process, the dust, water or steam in the pellet will enter the pump cavity, which will emulsify the vacuum pump oil. The emulsified pump oil will damage the seal of the pump and make the vacuum degree of the system not reach the rated vacuum degree. That is to say, the effect of h-slide valve pump depends on the quality of vacuum pump oil. 

In the process of pumping, the vacuum pump oil has the characteristics of high viscosity and not easy to shrink, which can seal, smooth and cool the pump. However, after the dust and water (or steam) in the pellet are inhaled into the vacuum pump chamber, the vacuum pump oil is rapidly emulsified, turbid and degenerated, which makes the vacuum pump unable to play its role. The vacuum degree of the system immediately decreases, which affects the recovery reaction rate, and affects the quality and production value of magnesium. In order to not affect the quality and output value of crude magnesium during recovery, the oil must be changed It is assumed that the cost of magnesium production will be affected if it is not treated and reused.

CL Sereis Cone Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump

Roots Blowers

Roots Vacuum Pump

Vacuum pump in high tech industry

Now in the vacuum profession, the oil-free vacuum pump with good cleanliness and high vacuum degree is paid more and more attention by various professions. In China, the development of this process is still in its infancy, and the demand for practice is constant. 

For example, more than 70% of the vacuum industry in Japan is used in semiconductor and liquid crystal display (LCD) industries. The traditional vacuum system can not meet the requirements of cleaning, oil-free and corrosion resistance. Therefore, molecular pumps and cryogenic pumps in dry vacuum pumps in Japan are developing rapidly. At present, vacuum products have been updated, and many oil vacuum systems have been replaced by oil-free and clean vacuum systems.

From the proportion and trend of various types of vacuum pumps in China, it can be seen that the vast majority of vacuum industry in China is concentrated in the general traditional vacuum application, so the high vacuum system is still dominated by lax pumps, while the low vacuum and front stage vacuum are mainly rotary vane vacuum pumps and sliding valve pumps. The production of turbo molecular pumps is the smallest. Large or composite molecular pumps do not form batch production. As for low-temperature pumps and various types of dry vacuum pumps, they are just in the beginning, unable to meet the needs of semiconductor industry and LCD industry.

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